Kiwi Fruit DNA Sample

Aim: To take DNA sample from a kiwi fruit.

Equipment: 

• Kiwi fruit
• Beaker
• Ziplock bag
• Salt
• Liquid Detergent
• Rubbing Alcohol
• Water
• Test tube

Method:

1. Cut the kiwi fruit and peel the skin off.
2. Put the kiwi fruit in the ziplock bag and mush carefully. 
3. After that, put a pinch of salt and water inside the bag with the kiwi fruit. 
4. Mix it all up carefully.
5. Put your solution in a test tube and pour your rubbing alcohol with it.
6. Wait until the DNA sample appear on the top of your solution. 

Corrosion Experiment

Investigating Rusting

Aim: To investigate the factors that cause rusting in iron.

Equipment: four test tubes, test tube rack, a bung, four iron nails, boiled water, tap water, salty water, cooking oil, calcium chloride.

Method: 

1. Label four test tubes A - D and place in a test tube rack.
2. Test tube contents: A = Iron nail and tap water. B = Iron nail and salty water. C = Iron nail boiled water, oil. D = Iron nail and calcium chloride. Sealed with  bung.
3. Leave the test tubes undisturbed for at least three days.

Observation:

Test Tube	Condition present or absent	Observation
A	Nail	In test tube A, the nail didn't show any corrosion reaction since we didn't put anything.
B	Tap water + nail	Among all the test tubes that we have for this experiment. The test tube b that had salt water and the nail showed the most big corrosion.
C	Salt water + nail	This test tube shows a little bit of corrosion reaction and some rust can be seen covering the nail.
D	Boiled water +oil + nail	The oil that we put in the test, stay on the top of the water. It didn't corrode that much since the nail is covered by oil.
E	Ca Cl + bung + nail	Out of all the nail that is mixed with different things, this is the only nail that didn't show any corrosion reaction.
F	water + Vaseline + nail	The nail corrode a little but it didn't mixed with the water since it's covered by Vaseline.
G	water + painted nail	The nail corrode a little bit, I wasn't expecting it since it was covered by paint but I'm wrong.
H	Zn + water + Nail	For the last tube there are some rust that you can see mixing with the water.

Making Salts ll

 Aim: To produce copper sulfate salt by reacting copper oxide with an acid.

Equipment: 

• Copper oxide powder
• Dilute (0.5 mol L-1)
• Sulfuric acid
• 50 mL measuring cylinder
• Two 100mL beakers
• Bunsen burner 
• Tripod
• gauze mat
• funnel
• filter paper
• thermometer
• spatula
• evaporating basin
• stirring rod

Method:

1. Add 20 ml of sulfuric acid to a 100 ml beaker. Heat the acid until it reaches 70oc. Turn off you Bunsen burner.
2. Once heated, use a spatula to add pea-sized portions of copper oxide to the beaker, Stir the mixture for 30 seconds.
3. Repeat step 2 until no more will dissolve. allow the beaker to cool.
4. Fold the filter paper and place it in the funnel. Place the filter funnel into the second beaker.
5. Make sure the beaker is cool enough to hold at the top. The content should still be hot. You may need your teacher to complete this step.
6. Gently swirl the content of the beaker to mix, and then pour into the filter paper in the funnel. Allow the filter through.
7. Rinse the beaker you used to heat the mixture previously, and place it back on top of your tripod filled with 50-60 ml of water. 
8. Place the evaporating basin on top of the beaker and carefully pour some of the solution from the beaker into the evaporating basin.
9. Gently heat the beaker until the solution in the evaporating basin has reduced by half.
10. Leave the evaporating basin to cool. Once cool, move the evaporating basin to a warm place where it will not be disturbed (i.e. a window-sill) and observe over the next few days. Blue copper sulfate crystals should form.

Observation:  We heat up the sulfuric acid before adding the copper oxide powder on it. Since the acid is hot it dissolves the powder pretty quickly. We waited for the powder to completely dissolve, after the powder completely dissolved we started to pour the solution into the filter paper. While doing this we saw how the color changes and there is some salt in it, and we put the solution that we made in one place and wait for it to produce a salt.

Word Equation: Copper Oxide + Sulfuric acid --------> Copper sulfate

Name of the reaction happening in method 2? Neutralization

           

Making Salts Experiment

 Aim: To produce sodium chloride salt by carrying out a neutralisation reaction. 

Equipment: 

• 50mL and 200mL beakers
• Dilute HCI (hydrochloric acid)
• Dilute NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
• 25mL measuring cylinder
• Glass stirring rod.
• Spotting tile
• Universal indicator solution
• Tripod
• Gauze mat
• Bunsen burner
• Evaporating basin

Method: 

1. Using the measuring cylinder measure 10 ml of HCI and pour it into your 50 ml beaker. Add dilute NaOH a few drops at a time while stirring with the glass road.
2. Every 10-15 drops stop adding the NaOH and use the glass stirring rod to transfer a drop of the solution to a spotting tile. Test its pH using Universal indicator.
3. Keep adding NaOH and testing the solution by repeating step 2. As you get closer to neutral you may need to test the solution after every drop.
4. Pour the neutral solution into an evaporating basin and evaporate the water out of the solution using the equipment set up shown above.  

Observation: During the experiment we made a lot of different colors by trying to make a green. After we put our solution on the heat it turns out like a salt. It took a lot of time for us to get to the point that we already made green. I enjoyed this experiment because I've learned how to maintain the acid and the base to make green.

1. Write a word equation for this reaction.  HCI + NaOH ------> NaCl + H20
2. What is the name of the reaction happening in step 1?  Neutralization
3. What is the name of the process you carried out in step 4? It's called " Evaporation".